Rocketry
In rocketry, the only reaction mass is the propellant, so an equivalent way of calculating the specific impulse in seconds is used. Specific impulse is defined as the thrust integrated over time per unit
weight-on-Earth of the propellant:
where
is the specific impulse measured in seconds,
is the average exhaust speed along the axis of the engine (in ft/s or m/s),
is the
standard gravity (in ft/s2 or m/s2).
In rockets, due to atmospheric effects, the specific impulse varies with altitude, reaching a maximum in a vacuum. This is because the exhaust velocity isn't simply a function of the chamber pressure, but is
a function of the difference between the interior and exterior of the combustion chamber. Values are usually given for operation at sea level ("sl") or in a vacuum ("vac").