Should I still be a Cataloguer at 1.3 bil total profit? I'm showing 1.144 is the rank up to Taxonomist?
The short answer is "yes, exobiology rank counts first logged profit" but the actual reason you're not Taxonomist is complicated.
First off, it looks like you're quoting the wiki values which are unverified. Second, data sales between U14, U14.01 and U14.02 muddy the waters considerably. If you sold straight any data straight after U14 but didn't hit Elite V, your rank would be artificially inflated meaning you'd be playing catch-up later. After 14.01, rank thresholds were changed but people's attainment of them wasn't fixed - so you'd show a certain rank but your actual rank in new rank system would be way behind and you'd be showing 0% for ages, until you "caught up" with new rank thesholds (and this would be exacerbated if you sold data in after U14 but before U14.01). With U14.02 they silently set everyone who was "behind" their expected rank to 0% of their shown rank. This is good as it means we started seeing rank progress, but it's likely any data sold between 14.01 and 14.02 didn't count towards rank attainment as you were still "catching up" to displayed rank.
If someone who'd never done any exobiology started today, it would be reasonable to expect that they'd hit Taxonomist by the time they hit 1.3B (or 1.15B if wiki is correct). For the rest of us, "it's complicated".