This is a tough one, especially for those gamers who are used to the safety of post WoW MMO's. ED is a very open game with no rule; you can do whatever you want, even if that's killing other players for fun and 'the lulz'. It's the way the game is meant to be.
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If you want to be 100% safe, play in solo mode. You can drop into solo mode whenever you like, so if you really, really, really don't want to get picked off whilst carrying important cargo etc, then play solo for that run. If you want the excitement of open play, then be prepared. There's no middle ground; it's either 'nice 'n' safe' or 'dog eat dog'. Get some friends or join up with others for escorts etc...
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There's no levelling in this game, so you're never going to face an opponent that you can't kill. Of course, you could run into a whole gang of players with Anaconda's, but that's because there's no matchmaking to make an attempt at a fair fight. Elite Dangerous is the Wild West of multiplayer. There is nothing to stop so called 'griefing'. All you can hope for is for a bigger fish to come along, or how about taking a few large fish with you?
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I play out on the fringes, so I can make money without too much threat from pirates (NPC or PC), and when you see another player on your scope, it does get a bit sphincter twitching, and you kinda breath a sigh of relief when you notice the other guy is avoiding you as much as you're avoiding him. Then again, I've seen three large PC transporters with guys in Cobra's as escorts; those guys really had got it together, and I guess, that's how you do it. Not sure how you can share the credits though because as far as I'm aware, you can't exchange cash with other players, maybe they just buy valuable cargo and dump it for the escorts to pick up as a form of payment.
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I'm quite happy with the way the game operates regarding PvP. There should be no forced penalties for players who just want to shoot others for fun, beyond what already exists. Player posted bounties would certainly help, as would offering missions for escorts. Then again, you could post a massive bounty against a player who just happens to have a name that annoys you.
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This game is more of a simulation than other games. The game enforces few limits on a players behaviour...
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Welcome To The Jungle!