1: Finding Modules
Does the Station where you are at have no A-class shields? Take the B-class or C-class until you find your A-class. You will survive if you try to do, and don't engage fights that you can't survive. How do you know this? practice! dying is part of the game.
2. Trading commodities
The ingame trade tool is AWESOME if you take some time and get used to it. You should dock at stations to get the latest trade data, and if docked you can also buy trade data from systems around within 20ly radius. Take the galaxymap filter for commodities import/export and than you just need to READ where to buy and where to sell the stuff. This way you'll definitly make profit. Wanna make more profit? Collect experience and learn which commodities are most worthfully to trade. of course this will cost time but i call this "growing"
3: Planetary Stations
They are a nice additional experience in the game. You can explore them, use them as a base in systems that doesn't have orbital stations and you can jump immediatly in the SRV. Of course you don't have to land there!! It's absolute optional. They are just a base to build on for the developers. Of course there is not much to find because the Planets doesn't have atmosphere for now.
Having problems because you want to jump immediatly from surface to next system? open the galaxymap and make a quick stop in an other system. sometimes this would be really faster than cruising around the planet.
Planetary landing isn't necessary and absolute OPTIONAL. Don't do it if you don't like it.
4: Travel mechanics
Stellar Bodies have an impact in Space and Time! using a method that compresses space to travel faster is also affected! Don't want to get slowed down? fly around! Ever tryed to stop on the street your car from 100mp/h to 0mp/h in lesser than 1 second? Even if this would be possible, inertia would smash you^^ Also if you wouldn't get slowed down, every pilot who forgets to break would vaporize a planets surface on his impact! let us be serious, game mechanic and (game-)realism make it necessary that you slow down if you get too close to a stellar body.
If you don't like it to travel through space, i would suggest you not to rant but to search for an other game. Because not the game is here the problem....
5: (Engineer??-) Prospecting
We don't have the machines to just dig a huge hole into a mountain and get the juicy mats in tons. We are just some amateurs in this galaxy who search for rare materials that lay on the ground just because no human ever was there (or not enough). It's not like mining for a company, it's more like gold washing. sitting on a river and hoping to get some nuggets during others just dig out tonnes of it because they have the heavy machines.
The Wave scanner is a really good help to reduce the prospecting time A LOT if you really want to learn how it works. It's not just different rocks, they all have their own content of materials and if you search for a specific one, you don't need to shoot all rocks but only these ones.
The Part about RNG....i don't say anything about it right here now. But Frontier has improved it a lot as response to the community. constructive criticism helps more than just "crap, crap, crap,....all useless here"
You mentioned "doing something else". i compare it here with combat just as an example. What would happen if you wouldn't need to work for a combat ship but get the best instant for free? You would shoot a few hours, decide that it made fun but you got bored and move on quitting the game. What's the benefit in doing so?
I have the impression, that your judgement about Elite is not fair because you didn't give it a real chance to show you how it works. Much of the things you are pointing at, are clearly self-explanatory. Just try to understand how it woks. It's intended that not everything is explained down to the smallest detail in order to demand the understanding.
It's more like baking a cake to eat it afterwards rather than just taking the finished cake.