Offensively, the Anaconda carries a bit more total firepower, because 2 large hardpoints are worth a bit more than 1 Huge hardpoint. However, the Corvette is a bit faster and has much better turning: it's a 168m long dogfighter. Generally the Corvette's better ability to keep its weapons on target more than makes up for its slight disadvantage in potential DPS.
Defensively, the Anaconda favors shield-tanking because its low hull mass gives it a good shield multiplier, while the Corvette favors hull-tanking due to its high hull mass having the opposite effect, its good armor hardness, and the fact that it has more room for reinforcement packages. Of course, those different defensive strategies also further exaggerate the difference in jump ranges. Keep in mind as well that a ship favoring one defensive style does not necessarily mean that style should be the sole focus: a Corvette does need some shields to reduce module damage, and an Anaconda does need enough hull to escape in the event of shield failure.
In exploration, the Anaconda wins hands-down due to having the highest possible jump range in the entire game.
In trading, the Anaconda's jump range stands out once again. Its reliance on shield-tanking as its defensive strategy also allows it to maintain strong defenses without sacrificing much cargo space. The Corvette has more total capacity, but can be surprisingly fragile when it's not loaded to the gills with reinforcement packages. Its base HP is only 666, to the Anaconda's 945. Additionally, its short jump range can make it difficult to complete many trade routes in a timely manner.