Is each player authoritative as far as their own position/actions?
If so there are tons of ways to cheat. Most simply by moving around at 10x speed or warping.
If not, then who is? There is no server simulation running, after all.
How does the financial/material outcome of an encounter propagate to the main servers?
Player 1 says he mined 9 gazillion unobtainium ore. No one else was there to witness it, guess he did then?
Player 1 says he killed Player 2 and got away, Player 2 says he killed player 1 and got away... server flips coin?
1) yes
2) speedhack not currently (its pointless anyway)
3) server recieves transaction details. If the values doesnt match with internal DB (lets say you wanna sell 1 biowaster for 1bilion.. server says lolnope, you may see transaction proceeding and getting said amount, but after relogging you´ll be on original value), also its easily detectable.
4) cargo hold is the limit. You can max basically tell the server you mined something and refined it into something with 99% success.
5) only depends on moment when 1 or 2 acutally dies, while his ship blowing up, his client sends a "death notice" to the server and after that he is consorided killed by the server. But if he disconnect before that happens, he isn´t consorided that by the server, and after logging back, he is in state before engaging the fight.