Well, its complicated. *takes spoon*
Actually, its not that bad:
(Ship Weight) factored with (Size/Class FS Drive) using (percent of total jump distance capability)
So for the most efficient jump:
(Lightest ship weight) with (biggest jump drive) using (small fraction of available jump - ie: only jumping 3 LY when you are capable of 30)
that gets you several light years per tonne of fuel.
Worst jumping scenario:
(heavy ship) with (small jump drive) using (maximum jump range)
will take several tonnes of fuel for one light year.
Changing any of the factors will affect fuel efficiency. Asps and DBs have a large jump drive for their weight, so they get more range. Orcas and Clippers have small drives for the weight, so they only get mediocre ranges/fuel efficiency. For distance route planning, using the Efficient Route setting uses half of your ship's maximum jump range or less. This keeps fuel use very low, and you can extend your range between refueling by a factor of five or more. Twice as many jumps costs less than half as much fuel, for the same total distance covered. Always jumping maximum distance (the fastest route) means you are burning much more fuel than necessary.
My Exploration Asp gets 9 LY per tonne (on a guess) for short hops, maybe 4 or 5 on long hops. My Combat Python gets maybe 3 LY per tonne at best. Both ships have a 32 tonne fuel tank, but have very different total ranges.