There is engineer modifications that allow you to do damage through shields. Lasers that by pass shields (blue lasers with winters pp weapon) can take out modules while shields are up, weapons that increase the target ships heat (shields give zero defense against heat) (red laser, but also available for missiles an some other weapon types) so they will burn themselves from inside. When ships heat is over x your modules will take damage and malfunction until you are death or heat is under x. Heat is basically stun lock and if you use fsd, shoot your own weapons or do anything that add heat to your ship you will make your situation worse because your ships heat is high from other player fire and you add more to that. Heat sink is only way to counter heat weapons but that won't by a lot of time.
There is also mine that disable all ships fsd near it.