Sounds like you got sucked into the gravity well of the star.
You may want to unlock your target destination, as i'm superstitious as to this preventing you from seeing escape vector, but general MO is to fly directly away, consider removing non-critical systems in Modules RIGHT UI to buy yourself some more time not melting your face off, then when you're out of FSD cooldown just engage hyperdrive by aligning with Escape Vector (found through compass indicator middle/left bottom screen) and engaging throttle to SC out.
Or if you fell into an accretian disk and you're not taking heat, just move away from the plane of the disc and then you're not mass locked: boom outa there.