I'm a newbie myself. First you will start out with a Sidewinder a small quick but not exceptionally fast ship. I got shot up by other players 5 or 6 times before I learned to switch to solo mode (you'll be asked when booting the game). After that I was able to outrun NPC pirates 9 times out of ten. The problem with all the ships that these other people are mentioning is that they cost a LOT. And you will be poor and stay that way until you pick up more skills in the game, there is a steep learning curve. Some ships cost in the millions and you start out with 1000. And trading will get you 2000-2500 max on each trade with occasional windfalls at the 10000-15000 range.
Some problems with the Sidewinder (SW) are: small cargo capacity which reduces your chance to make money by hauling cargo. A small fuel tank which means you have to refuel frequently. You can add a fuel scoop to a ship and refuel from stars (not as hard as it sounds) but from what I can figure out you'd have to give up cargo capacity or some other gear to add that to a SW. That makes exploring, which is another way to, make money difficult.
What I did was work for several days to get enough money to buy an Adder (87000 - trade in on SW) which is a larger version of the SW which has double the fuel and cargo capacity and also has empty slots that you can add fuel scoops and other gear to. Once you have a ship you can spend over a million upgrading the components. You can trade, explore and I guess do mining in an Adder. And I suppose upgrade the weapons to make a fighter out of it but not as good as a dedicated fighter.
So my advice is to:
1) play solo until you have the skills and an upgraded ship to do otherwise
2) Work on trading with your SW and take opportunities to get some exploring money (you be notified of a unidentified astronomical object) and save up for a better ship. Upgrades you add to the SW (better engines ect) you will get 90% back when you trade in the SW.
3) run away when attacked--use engine boost and try to follow the escape vector that will be on your screen. It jumps all over tho.
4) so far as I can see silent running only works for short periods because of heat build up, the same with engine speed boost
This ED Wikia page shows all the ships and their characteristics and price:
http://elite-dangerous.wikia.com/wiki/Ships
One thing that made a major difference for me was remapping the throttle cut off to a button on my joystick for instant access. A big help when you land at a dock.
Hopefully this info is correct but please correct me if I'm wrong about something.