While I do agree with the very first reply - for gamey reason this suggestion doesn't make any sense, maybe we should have other ways to retrieve the data lost, like being able to retrieve a simple black box. It's such a simple yet effective method. However, in that case, shouldn't the pirate also be able to pick that up? Hmmm... There should be simpler ways in this game to persist stuff. Information should be one of them.
However, there's still no excuse for OP not to prepare for long voyages. You basically can't complain that in a dangerous space game you got mobbed, that's space, it's cruel and much of the purpose/point of the game. There should be a risk/reward system, the risks are high, but you had options that you most probably didn't EXPLORE. Outfitting is expensive, but there are ways in the game to do that relatively fast without giving up doing what you like doing in the game. Exploring is lucrative as a side thing even for new players - it rounds up your income, but you should really consider a mix of trading and exploration. For example, I'm doing rare items trading now, and I plot a different route between distant systems each time I do it - and take the advantage of exploring while doing this. Pretty soon you can upgrade to a Cobra, then a Type-6 and finally an Asp. My stats were 6 mil off of trading / 2 mil off of exploration and 200k off of bounties before upgrading to an Asp. There's so much stuff to explore near these popular trade routes, that I don't even bother with repetitive boring systems, I pick only those systems that report stars that I haven't explored yet.
The Cobra should be enough for the type of stuff you require - because it's really really fast, but if you equip it properly: FSD A rated, power coupling A rated and [at least] D-rated thrusters - so that you can escape interdictions faster when they do occur (better coupling gives you the options to use the boosters more often and as a non-fighter, it's the option you should consider). With such a setup, even if they interdict you successfully, you can always do the smart thing AND run away before they do any significant damage to the shields (which you should also upgrade at least to a D). An auto-maintenance field upgrade is also needed for long runs to restore equipment damaged by blunders or attacks. Etc. All this requires credits, so be creative and try to make safe jumps when you have sensitive amounts of data (spend less time in anarchy systems, plot long runs manually, system by system, instead of relying on the automatic plot - in order to avoid as many inhabited systems as possible; also instead of going to a station in a straight line, consider avoiding the route each and every ship takes because those routes are where most pirates lie, instead go in an arc towards the station you want to land at).
experience. And when you think that the game servers particularly spawned you on an instance where the players were aggressive, experienced pirates - although it has plenty other alternatives...