Superpower -> Powers (powerplay) -> Minor Factions (or Player Minor Factions)
Superpowers (Alliance, Empire, Federation or Independent) aren't directly expressed in the game. A power or a minor faction may be aligned to a superpower, or independent and that's basically what defines their reach. By working with minor factions of a superpower you gain reputation (if this gets too low then all minor factions of that superpower will hate you) and military ranks (federation/empire) for it, which will unlock ships and system permits for their important systems like Sol/Achenar (capital systems of the federation/empire).
Systems are controlled by the minor factions in daily intervals (the BGS "tick") and to a lesser level the stations/outposts themselves are assets that are also controlled by a minor faction. The minor faction that controls the system is what will appear as the superpower and government when you jump to a system. Basically every action you do in the game will be benefiting/hurting a minor faction, either because they control the system, because they control the station you're doing business with or any of them depending on who you choose on the mission boards.
In parallel to that, powers (there are 11 of them) will prepare and expand in systems and they will generate a 15 ly sphere that will be part of their dominion. There are the good, the neutral and the bad government types for each power.
Players in this game may:
1. Not care at all about the minor factions/powers or communities and just do whatever they want.
2. Join broad communities that aren't about a PMF/Power and engage with them. There's stuff like dedicated station repairs from thargoid attacks, racing of all different kinds (SRV, SLF, ships), purely exploration groups/projects, influencers and so many others.
3. Join the group around a minor faction/power. Those may end up requiring you to join a squadron or pledge to a power, which are something your character can only be in one.
My main drive in this game is powerplay. Pledged to Aisling Duval, a power for the Empire and spending most of my in-game time around it. Every power has
a main central community around it (it's really important to be on the same page for it as you may end up unknowingly harming your power) and from there you'll meet a lot of people, learn about the game or even find a group to join within it. Even if you may be too new to spend most of your time in actual powerplay (it isn't a very profitable activity by itself).