There are quite a few dasyurid* species whose males die after their first breeding season, living to less than a year old. This reproductive strategy where animals put all their energy into a single frantic breeding season before dying is called “semelparity” and is extremely rare in mammals, otherwise known only in certain species of opossum, but in dasyurids it seems to have evolved on a number of different occasions. The many species of antechinus are the most well known example, but phascogales, kalutas, some populations of dibbler and even the northern quoll, the smallest of the quolls, are also all semelparous. Why this male die-off repeated evolved in dasyurids is still uncertain, with ideas ranging from freeing up competition for resources to sperm competition amongst males.
Top row - yellow-footed antechinus, brush-tailed phascogale, dibbler
Bottom row - mainland dusky antechinus, kaluta, northern quoll
While having a single hectic breeding season, where males are so focused on mating with as many females as possible that they don't even eat, seems to be a strategy that serves them well under normal circumstances, unfortunately it may also make them more vulnerable to changes in their ecosystems. Because all the males die, if a single breeding season is missed or hindered for one reason or another, their populations can crash dramatically. This has been seen in northern Australia where the once common northern quoll and brush-tailed phascogale have been among the worst affected animals by the spread of the poisonous cane toad, and there are worries that the rising temperatures brought by anthropogenic climate change may also reduce the likelihood of the males of some antechinus species surviving to their first and only breeding season.
Among other groups, more well-known example of semelparous animals include mayflies and Pacific salmon.
*for those that are unaware, Dasyuridae is the family of carnivorous marsupials that contains the Tasmanian devil - they already have one of the shortest lifespans of any habitat animal in PZ, but they reach practically ancient ages compared to many of their relatives!