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Is there a reason for this, or was it just horrible driving on my part?
Horrible driving
Nah, just joking (sort of). It's one of the most common things in the game to overshoot a target in supercruise. Exactly when you need to start throttling back is dependent on your velocity at any given time (unsurprisingly).
For the most part when travelling around systems where the planets are less than 20k LS apart you won't achieve really high speeds, so you are usually OK to travel at maximum thrust until you get to within about 600-800ls. At that point pull back on the throttle to bring the velocity indicator down a couple of bars into the "blue safety zone". As your distance decreases, keep slowing down slightly until your speed is just under the mid point of the blue zone by the time your distance is around 100LS.
You might see the velocity indicator spike occasionally, but it will return to the safety zone quickly. Think of the throttle as being like a governor on your speed. At just under 50% in the blue zone your FA will adjust speed to keep you automatically decelerating at the right amount for a safe entry and you will never go into overshoot.
If you are going too fast and the throttle is not "governing" your speed, the periodic velocity spikes cannot be contained and you'll get into a runaway feedback loop, which makes your speed become uncontrolled and you'll overshoot.
TIP: If you go into overshoot speed and can't slow down, dip your nose until the target appears as an empty circle in the nav compass. Your speed will instantly drop very fast back to a managable level. Raise the nose again and continue on at safe speed.
Alternatively, intentionally overshoot the target and again your speed will immediately drop. Execute a 180 turn and approach as normal. Some pilots do this as a routine approach to stations so they end up facing the entry slot.
The one thing I wish we could do is slingshot around gravity wells to increase velocity for a long-haul trip. Climbing out of a gravity well up to super-light speed can be really tedious sometimes.