You can't synthesize fuel for a ship, only buy it, or scoop it from a star.
Materials are something you pick up playing the game. Some from mining and shooting rocks (and other stuff) on planetary surfaces (Raw), others from scanning everything you come across (Encoded), and the third category (Manufactured) from picking stuff up at POIs and after combat (best done with a collector limpet controller). There are also some missions giving mats as rewards. These are mostly useful for engineering your ship, but there is a whole slew of stuff you can synthesize for your ship and srv.
The mats needed for jumponium are all of the first category (Raw), so you'd have to do some mining or shoot rocks (and other stuff) with your srv to pick them up.