No, it seems like you got a mission for a settlement for a system you dont have any survey of, there are probaly unexplored planets/moon and the settelems only show when you scaned them with a discovery scanner.
If you want to do surface missions, it is a good idea to take a basic discovery scanner with you for such "missing" destination. Had it already several times that i had to discover the planet with the settlement on it in order to deliver the cargo.