The recent changes made to Cuvier's Dwarf Caiman's temperature suitability range prompted me to prepare this post. The lower limit even before the change bothered me for being too low, however, now that the figure has dropped to 6 Celsius, it is even more concerning.
Cuvier's Dwarf Caiman (Paleosuchus palpebrosus) is a strictly tropical species that has a distribution confined to the lowlands of the Amazon Basin, and does not experience cold temperatures in the wild. It does indeed have a niche to tolerate cool streams without the need to bask, which I will explain in detail below, but this has got nothing to do with temperate biomes or cold weather. What worries me the most is, this is a game that stresses the importance of guest education, so people, especially kids, take the information in the game quite seriously. Kids playing the game might be mislead into thinking they can expose their pet caiman to extreme temperatures.
Identifying the problems:
Solutions:
Sources:
1) https://ppbio.inpa.gov.br/sites/default/files/1-s2.0-S0306456512001398-main.pdf
Source showing the purpose and extent of the special niche to tolerate "cool" (20-25 C) temperatures of streams and not temperate regions:
"Secretive species, such as species of Osteolaemus and Paleosuchus, rarely show basking behavior in the wild" "The mean monthly body temperature of P. palpebrosus in the stream we studied varied little (20.1–25.6 C) throughout the year and was generally close to water temperature in the stream.", "Most species do not occur in environments that have temperatures that are constantly below about 25 C.", "However, P. trigonatus occurs in tropical rainforest streams that have water temperatures 25 C, and where opportunities to bask are limited"
2) https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Paleosuchus_palpebrosus/
Includes the source demonstrating the 6 Celsius mortality experiment
3) http://crocodilian.com/paleosuchus/captivecare.html
Care sheet by Dr. Adam Britton for Paleosuchus, a genus best kept indoors:
"If you aim at a high of about 33° C and a low of 24 - 25°C within the enclosure, you'll have a 'thermally-happy' caiman."
4) http://crocodilian.com/crocfaq/faq-4.html#5.2.1
Temperatures over 40 C should be avoided with all crocodilians, but our in-game crocodilians are happy with temperatures even in the upper 40's, due to their very high upper limit (42 C) and the 10 degrees it takes for their temperature suitability to reach zero (52 C):
"Nearly all species have a preferred body temperature of between 29 and 34 C (84 to 93 F), so naturally their environment must also contain these temperatures. Remember it's the body temperature which is important here, and ideally most species try and get their internal body temperature to around 30 or 31 C (86 or 88 F). Air temperatures can reach around 36 C (97F) during the day as long as the animal has an area to cool off when its internal temperature starts to get a little too warm. At night, temperatures should be lower to help simulate a natural day/night cycle, and can drop to around 20 C (68 F) as long as water temperatures are warm. Water temperature can be maintained at a fairly constant temperature. Around 27 to 31 C (81 to 88 F) is a good temperature range to aim for, although this can be slightly warmer if desired. Caimans and other crocodilians are fairly tolerant of short-term fluctuations in temperature, although it is more important to ensure that the animal does not overheat. Temperatures above 40 C (104 F) should be avoided."
5) https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/46587/3009946
Source showing their tropical and low elevation distribution and biome types.
6) http://crocodilian.com/cnhc/cst_ppal_dh_map.htm
7) http://crocodilian.com/cnhc/cst_clat_dh_map.htm
8) http://crocodilian.com/cnhc/cst_cyac_dh_map.htm
Cuvier's Dwarf Caiman (Paleosuchus palpebrosus) is a strictly tropical species that has a distribution confined to the lowlands of the Amazon Basin, and does not experience cold temperatures in the wild. It does indeed have a niche to tolerate cool streams without the need to bask, which I will explain in detail below, but this has got nothing to do with temperate biomes or cold weather. What worries me the most is, this is a game that stresses the importance of guest education, so people, especially kids, take the information in the game quite seriously. Kids playing the game might be mislead into thinking they can expose their pet caiman to extreme temperatures.
Identifying the problems:
- Cuvier's Dwarf Caimans live in temperate regions: False. In fact, when compared to caimans that live in subtropical zones, their range is much more restricted to equatorial South America. Broad-Snouted Caiman (Caiman latirostris) and Yacare Caiman (Caiman yacare) both live in subtropical South America. The statement about Cuvier's Dwarf Caimans being more tolerant of cooler temperatures only applies to other strictly tropical species of caiman like the Black Caiman (Melanosuchus niger).
- What's this whole cool temperature suitability about? This is a special niche this species occupies. Their cool temperature tolerance comes from the niche of minimized basking, not occupying cool regions like high elevation or low latitude areas. In fact they are restricted to lowlands (under 400m) and latitudes with a tropical climate. The "cool temperatures" being mentioned here are tropical streams that are near its source, with a temperature range of 20-25 Celsius, instead of the 25-30 Celsius range preferred by the other tropical caimans of South America. As you can see it is far from the temperate climate range specified in the game.
- But it says in one of the sources they can survive 6 degrees? Yes, indeed. But this is an experiment conducted in a laboratory setting. If you put any animal to the test, they will survive exceptional temperatures before dying, which doesn't prove their preferred temperature range is as such. If you place a polar bear in a 35 degree environment, it isn't going to drop dead, but according to the game it is way past their acceptable range. Moreover, at temperatures of 5-6 Celsius, the caimans in the game have near 100% welfare, when in reality they should be dying, even according to that lab experiment. This is because animals lose a certain amount of welfare per degree of temperature past their suitable range. With the old figure (11 C), they at least had 0 welfare at 6 degrees. The only crocodilian that could potentially have suitability as low as 6 or 8 C in the game would be the American Alligator. Also the Chinese Alligator, but not likely to be included in the game.
- How should Cuvier's Dwarf Caiman's temperature range compare to other crocodilians in the game? Larger bodied crocodilians can regulate their core temperature much better, compared to smaller bodied ones, which is why you rarely see small species like Cuvier's Dwarf Caiman in outdoors exhibits outside the tropics, when larger species are often displayed outside. So, the Dwarf Caiman should have a more restricting temperature range (both upper and lower limits) than the other two species we have in the game, the Gharial and Saltwater Crocodile, which are both large species, as well as having ranges that include subtropical regions. Cuvier's Dwarf Caiman should actually have been an indoor exhibit animal, but when you consider they can display more animations as habitat animals, I understand the choice in making them habitat. But if this is the decision taken, then they should have the temperate biome removed and have temperature suitability range reduced on both ends.
Solutions:
- Removal of temperate biome from Cuvier's Dwarf Caiman: Since this is a species that does not range in temperate or even subtropical zones both in terms of altitude and latitude, this category is completely irrelevant to the species and must be removed.
- Adjusting upper limits for temperature suitability: I would suggest an upper limit of 35-37 C for the Cuvier's Dwarf Caiman and 37-39 C for the Gharial and Saltwater Crocodile. Even though this is slightly higher than the recommended range in the sources below, it will give players flexibility from a game-play perspective. Just like in the example of the two Hippos, despite having tags for a biome that can get hotter in the game, having a slightly lower suitability limit will underline the special case of sensitivity for high temperatures of semi-aquatic animals, but also will not cause any gameplay issues, as their welfare will still be in the green, and they won't be seeking shelter or shade since their temperature suitability will still be green. It takes about 10 degrees over the limit to get 0 suitability for temperature, so the limit doesn't need to be set equal to 42 Celsius for it not to cause any game-play issues.
- Adjusting lower limits for temperature suitability: I would suggest a lower limit of 14-16 C for the Cuvier's Dwarf Caiman, and 12-14 C for the Gharial and Saltwater Crocodile. Again, these values are lower than recommended but will give players flexibility to avoid any problems with gameplay.
- Adjusting tropical biome temperature range in the game: Tropical climates are known for the most uniform temperatures year-round, as well as minimal change between daytime and nighttime temperatures. Therefore it should never get too hot in the tropical biome map. Temperatures in the 40's should never happen. I would suggest a regular high of 33 C during the day with clear skies, and perhaps a heatwave of 37 C as an extreme high.
Sources:
1) https://ppbio.inpa.gov.br/sites/default/files/1-s2.0-S0306456512001398-main.pdf
Source showing the purpose and extent of the special niche to tolerate "cool" (20-25 C) temperatures of streams and not temperate regions:
"Secretive species, such as species of Osteolaemus and Paleosuchus, rarely show basking behavior in the wild" "The mean monthly body temperature of P. palpebrosus in the stream we studied varied little (20.1–25.6 C) throughout the year and was generally close to water temperature in the stream.", "Most species do not occur in environments that have temperatures that are constantly below about 25 C.", "However, P. trigonatus occurs in tropical rainforest streams that have water temperatures 25 C, and where opportunities to bask are limited"
2) https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Paleosuchus_palpebrosus/
Includes the source demonstrating the 6 Celsius mortality experiment
3) http://crocodilian.com/paleosuchus/captivecare.html
Care sheet by Dr. Adam Britton for Paleosuchus, a genus best kept indoors:
"If you aim at a high of about 33° C and a low of 24 - 25°C within the enclosure, you'll have a 'thermally-happy' caiman."
4) http://crocodilian.com/crocfaq/faq-4.html#5.2.1
Temperatures over 40 C should be avoided with all crocodilians, but our in-game crocodilians are happy with temperatures even in the upper 40's, due to their very high upper limit (42 C) and the 10 degrees it takes for their temperature suitability to reach zero (52 C):
"Nearly all species have a preferred body temperature of between 29 and 34 C (84 to 93 F), so naturally their environment must also contain these temperatures. Remember it's the body temperature which is important here, and ideally most species try and get their internal body temperature to around 30 or 31 C (86 or 88 F). Air temperatures can reach around 36 C (97F) during the day as long as the animal has an area to cool off when its internal temperature starts to get a little too warm. At night, temperatures should be lower to help simulate a natural day/night cycle, and can drop to around 20 C (68 F) as long as water temperatures are warm. Water temperature can be maintained at a fairly constant temperature. Around 27 to 31 C (81 to 88 F) is a good temperature range to aim for, although this can be slightly warmer if desired. Caimans and other crocodilians are fairly tolerant of short-term fluctuations in temperature, although it is more important to ensure that the animal does not overheat. Temperatures above 40 C (104 F) should be avoided."
5) https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/46587/3009946
Source showing their tropical and low elevation distribution and biome types.
6) http://crocodilian.com/cnhc/cst_ppal_dh_map.htm
7) http://crocodilian.com/cnhc/cst_clat_dh_map.htm
8) http://crocodilian.com/cnhc/cst_cyac_dh_map.htm