Because FD wanted it this way for game play reasons. If jump range was based 100% on fuel capacity, the Asp would jump the same distance as several other ships.
It would then no longer be the specialised explorer ship it's designed to be. And the hauler would suddenly have its jump range severely limited, taking away one of its benefits. And we'd be able to jump hundreds of light years in one go, severely limiting the sensation of scale in the galaxy.
I could keep going.
I won't pretend to understand the theoretical science behind it. I'm certain there is some sound theory and probably some handwavium theory too. But the real answer is "because the developers wanted to add depth of ship variation" and jump range is one way of doing that.
I said it would be based on the fuel's maximum ability to make the ship travel. The ratios would remain the same, you would just be able to use more of your fuel tank in one jump. Mass and such would still take effect, you'd just be able to gain the full capability of your ship. So in other words an asp may be able to travel 100ly in one jump vs. a python who might only be able to hit 65. Reason? Larger FSD, large fuel tank, small mass. This makes sense. A python uses a large fsd as well and has a good fuel tank, but is moving a much larger mass and would require much more fuel than an asp.
Simply put, this would allow you to travel less distance than optimized travel or economic travel, but you'd get there faster.
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Maybe you'll find this dev post helpful:
Each FSD lists these stats, the rest of it comes down to the overall mass of your ship (including fuel remaining in your tank and cargo).
Thanks for the quote. Basically arbitrarily provided limitations which the developer stated are subject to change.