When you jump to a previously undiscovered star, or "honk" an undiscovered system, do you get your Cmdr name on the system, or do you actually have to fire up your surface scanner for that?
When you enter a system you fire off the Discovery Scanner for that big cosmic honk. This tells you what is there, which you can now see on your System Map. You then supercruise to one of these planets and, when you get within range, your scanner will automatically start a closer scan. This will take a few seconds. When that is done you will now be able to see the name of the planet (it will change from Unexplored to something like Myoidee DD-V c20-0 A 3).
When you sell the data, you can get a first discovery for that named planet if you have a Detailed Surface Scanner.
Of course, you can also scan the main star in the system before doing all this, since its right there. And as you do more, you can use the initial view on the System Map to narrow down your targets. There are other nuances, but this is the basic part.
I don't think you need a detailed surface scanner (your standard scanner should do), it just gives more info and more payout when data is turned in.