I don't believe this isn't solvable in Solo. FD want Solo, PG and Open players to be equal; David Braben has said this. To require this to be done in PG or Open is a complete turn-around for them and will get them a lot of flak! People have suggested bugs, but I'd rather assume no bugs unless given absolute proof otherwise. So, let us assume this is doable in Solo.
In solo, 15 obelisks are active. In PG/open, others are active. People have reported that different obelisks are active for different people in the same instance. This suggests to me that the 15 initial ones are "Step 1" and we need to do something with them to move to "Step 2" where then next set of obelisks are active. Once you move to the next Step, you'll see the next group of obelisks lit. Steps are being taken in PG/open due to the number of people doing different things and due to "science by accident" are progressing... We've already seen that one person's scans affect other people in PG/open as everyone gets the result of a scan depending on what cargo they personally have. Are people in PG/open seeing different obelisks active because they're on different Steps?
If this is true, how do you move Steps?
Once an obelisk has been scanned, it goes dark. It doesn't light up again in solo as far as I have found, you have to relog to get it lit up again, and as relogging is external to the game, I don't believe it can be part of the puzzle. If PG/Open, you can't rescan as you get the message that you've already got that data. If follows that you're not meant to reactivate/rescan it in the current Step.
If scanned with the correct artefacts you get a decoded data message, if scanned with the "key" artefact, you get nothing, if scanned without the key artefact, you get Ran's "intrusion" message which tells us which artefact is key for this obelisk. Whatever the case, you get one or more alpha-epsilon patterns. Relog and the patterns are different for the same obelisk suggesting that our progress to the next Step has been reset.
So are the alpha-epsilon patterns are what is needed to move to the next Step? Should we focus on working out how we apply these patterns to progress to the next Step?
Sorry if this is already knowledge, or please correct me if I've made an obvious mistake. Just trying to sort this in my head as much as contribute!