I'd generally agree that Exploration Gameplay should involve far more natural risks.
In order not to nuke Gameplay, of course those should be manageable. Or avoidable if that's desired for some reason (we already have Star Class Filters for routing).
- Black Holes (already mentioned)
Park the Ship 100km from one and jettison a Canister of Biowaste or deploy a Heat Sink or go FA OFF with the Ship..... Nada, nothing even happens. 0 Gravity, just like Atmospheric Planets or Gas Giants or Stars. Doesn't compute, 100% placeholder.
- Fuel Scooping
No matter how insanely hot the Star, Fuel Scooping even at max. rate is a super low risk activity.
I wouldn't object the occasional "action required!" surprise moment, be it solar flares, unusually strong magnetic eruptions (in visual terms we already got something similar, it just doesn't do anything) or radiation spikes.
Heat could be as simple as varying it depending on such an environment, requiring hands on the Controls especially when performing aggressive max. rate scooping in the transient area of the Ship's thermal handling (> 65% heat).
- more realistic in-System events based on what happened there or how young (chaotic) the System is
A System <10 Million years old should have a crapton of mass interfering with Navigation and a drop into normal space should present a few occasional surprises.
Currently not even visually represented by any means, such a young System shows and "plays" (Exploration) just like any other 2 Billion years old.
Every Planet is still nice and round (more or less), no collisions, barely any exotic Atmospheres & Visuals, never some half-destroyed Planet that suffered some catastrophic impact.
On top, some "SciFi" missing to all that just to spice things up a little and create more rare and very rare (notable from an Exploration point of view) Discoveries people can take note of.
NSPs and generic Bios on the ground are a start - but again seeing all this nicely distributed and contained in Galactic Sectors with digital precision just seems..... very, very awkward.
(i.e. why can't there be extremely rare occurrences of things present in other Sectors as well - just far more rare but at least no digital cut-off)
--------------------------------------------
I guess it's not easy terrain to properly balance and it'd require alot of work to add many layers and events to Stellar Forge which' parameters then triggers the appropriate chances of them setting in.
But I'd definitely welcome something that requires building experience and skill to approach and explore vs. 100% standard routine any day.
(if in doubt - we got plenty of Carriers with Repair Service, Fuel Rats and Hull Seals in the game + Repair Limpet Controller and AFMU, so alot of things gone wrong are potentially covered)