I don't think any of the Star Trek planets have canonically recognized locations, in terms of linking them to actual real-life stars in the galaxy. Vulcan, for example, is reported to be in the 40 Eridani system... but this is never explicitly stated in the canonical sources, only in the novels, computer games etc. Wikipedia says that Qo'noS is in the Omega Leonis system (called "2 Omega Leonis" in the game); this is even less canonically certain.
"Vulcan" is a public-domain name, being from Roman mythology. There is therefore no copyright restriction on its use. The spelling "Qo'noS" is unique to Star Trek and thus presumably protected by copyright. A rival sci-fi franchise would use it at their peril.
There is a planet named "Cronus" in the Elysia system, which is a Latinized version of the Greek word "Kronos", the Greek god of time, from which the name "Qo'noS" was derived. It may be as close as you'll get.
The Romulus/Remus system is even less canonically known; Wikipedia does not hazard a guess, though apparently a novel lists it as being "128 Trianguli"; I'm not sure what name, if any, this star might be under in ED. "Romulus" and "Remus" are also both public-domain Roman-mythology figures, so there'd be nothing to stop FD using them.