@RubberBucket
Welcome to the game. I'm new myself only having been playing for about 15 months now with over 2000 hours so far.
I think most, but not necessarily all, of the background material needed to begin understand Galnet is in the in game Codex: Knowledge Base in the following articles:
- The Empire
- The Federation
- The Alliance
- Individuals
- Corporations
Those are the movers and shakers of the Elite Dangerous galaxy, the power players, so to speak.
The articles on The Thargoids and The Guardians are also good reads
Also, as HRDiagram said above, the Wiki also has much more information, some of which which may or may not be pertinent, but it is a good source and fills in on story happenings with all of the above since the game was launched.
In my opinion, Empire, Federation and Alliance (aka the big three) in the Codex are good places to start and then you can branch out from there...
One critical concept is the "bubble", which is the area around Sol where Humanity has colonized outward and is made up of the big three and the independent systems. It is large to us but only a very small portion of the galaxy.
There is also a much much smaller bubble in Colonia where Jacques, a retired cyborg spec ops commando who is a bartender, jumped his station "Jacques Station" and it mis-jumped and ended up 22,000 LY from the main bubble. The station was eventually found by commanders in game.
Jacques, himself, recently went missing as well.*
There are also several areas around certain nebulas where the Thargoids have attacked stations in the past and more recently are seeing a buildup of Thargoid presence and activity not seen since the end of the last Thargoid war a few years back.
This should be enough to get you started...
There are also various threads on these forums where news is both posted and discussed by the players. You can find many of them by simple searching for "galnet" in titles only.
o7
* I may have misunderstood something I read somewhere and now cannot find again...