I like the idea, but let's look at one of the few hazards that was present - multiple suns. This had the ability to warm you up (and could cook you if you weren't careful). Something to watch out for.
So what happened? They were nerfed so that we now drop out away from nearly any danger, unless you are seriously unlucky.
Why? Because many people don't want any danger, and complain constantly if there is any. Look at the numbers who get Support to move them 'because they jumped into a system they couldn't jump back out of'.
I like your ideas, because they speak of learning and consequences - sadly the louder voice seems to be 'I want things to be risk free, don't expect to spend effort learning how things work'.
I think the difference is that there was no way to avoid/mitigate getting cooked when jumping into a system.
Jump into the same system a thousand times and you're going to get cooked a thousand times.
The main thing that would elevate navigation/exploration beyond what we currently have would be adaptive tools related to UniCart.
Our FSDs allegedly work by targetting the largest mass in a system.
Fair enough.
So, you jump into an unexplored system and arrive at the primary star.
Maybe you get cooked between binaries, maybe you get cooked by a solar flare, maybe your ship hits an asteroid belt, maybe you get shotblasted by micro-meteorites or maybe your engines get damaged by clouds of space-gunk.
If you make it back to civilisation, and hand in your data, UniCart should be capable of recognising all these things, adding them to the Codex (which would be the source for the little pop-up warning message you get before jumping), and eventually adjusting the jump-in coordinates to avoid hazards.
There might only need to be, say, Green, Amber and Red states for a system - Green for a definitely safe jump-in, Amber for one that's "under review" pending further data-gathering and Red for unexplored systems.
Honestly, I wouldn't mind if FDev retconned something like this into the game now, given that we only recently got the Codex.
Leave all the discoveries as they are but move all the jump-in points back to an initial location near the Primary and reset every system to "Red" status so that the Codex and UniCart can start recording hazards and then move the jump-in points as required.
It wouldn't be long before the bubble was all "Green" and players could go about their usual business but it'd give explorers a lot more to think about
and a good reason to build a variety of different types of exploration ship for different purposes.
Build a tinfoil ship for getting far away but you might, instead, want to build a super-tanky exploration ship for surveying hazardous systems.
Oh, I'd also like to see the Codex retain information about ships lost (excluding those lost in combat) in each system.
That way, even if there was no data about the hazards in a system, part of the pop-up warning would tell you that a given number of ships had been lost in that system so you'd know there was
something dangerous in there.