Cartographic and exobio data have to cross a certain value threshold before they award merits. A rule of thumb for cartographic is a system has to have at least one body valued over 1M credits. That's not the real number, I've earned merit with slightly less, but it's an estimate. It's best to go far enough out for first-to-discover bonuses. I forget how much exobio has to be worth before it counts. You will earn high merits per hour, but you will spend many hours doing it.
Mineral hot spots are often a waste of time in ED, whether for powerplay or for profit. They buff (by a small percentile) the likelihood of that material occurring for deep core mining, but the results are still random and often unnoticeable. They don't affect laser mining at all. The quality of the ring is more important. Find a system controlled by your power with pristine metallic or HMC rings that buys the relevant materials (this can be a huge pain). Dropping into a random point on the ring works fine; I drop in on a monazite or alexandrite hot spot if there is one, but not a platinum hot spot, because platinum is the LEAST valuable of the highly valuable minerals to go for, so a platinum hot spot slightly decreases the chance of finding more valuable core materials instead. Laser mine Osmium, and core mine Monazite, Alexandrite, Serendibite, and Platinum. I crack painite, too, while grumbling about my luck. I like to subsurface mine as well, but that sinks probably more time than it is worth, and the seismic missile takes up a hard point that could be used for something else. You will make high merits per hour, but you will spend hours doing it.
They aren't methods that produce high yield in a single hour. It's high yield/hour over an hours-long investment. And a 10K average would require some lucky RNG, I think. I've never actually calculated, but I doubt I've ever averaged that much, especially since I tend to go for Samarium and Palladium while i'm there to stockpile in my carrier for trade missions.