I'm a rookie looking to build smarter (I already have the specifics you listed, but I dont know what "sensible weapon loadout," "proper defenses/utility placement" or "sensible shield/hull/armor considerations" mean. Where should I look for info?
IMHO it's not really feasible to give a specific build for large Ships to another (especially a new) Player, since personal flying/fighting style and personal preferences vary way too much.
Plus, if you ask 10 people you might easily get 10 different recommended builds.
It's best to experiment with various builds yourself and determine what's best for you. If PvP is your goal, nothing can replace that mandatory experience of Basic/Advanced Ship Handling that'll define your combat style, Pips Management and post-Shield (= Shields gone) Combat Management.
Defenses/Utility placement mean to i.e. carefully position i.e. a Point Defense where your personal fighting style requires it to be.
A PD on the wrong Utility slot of a Large Ship is useless if it doesn't face the threat most of the time due to your flying for example.
Depending on your Combat plans, you'll have to decide to carry Chaff, ECM, Heat Sink and PD vs. how many Shield Boosters your Ship needs both for optimal Shield Strength and Resistances (Thermal/Kinetic/Explosive).
Those Resistances are critical as well when it comes to Engineering Hull/Armour and will decide how many HRPs and which Engineering Blueprints/Special Effects you'll apply to attain maximum possible Hull protection for your Ship and how much Module Protection you desire. A build taking those considerations into account I call "sensible".
(all under the assumption that you got full Grade 5 Access to all relevant Engineers)
To look things up, I guess the best bet would be to have a deep look at the whole Engineering process, which drastically defines the effectiveness and role of specific Ship builds.
That one isn't explained in a few lines and can be a bit tricky.
One of the best 3rd Party tools to "theorycraft" Engineered Ships of all types is
https://coriolis.io/ .
IMHO an exceedingly powerful tool to create a desired Ship build while keeping all Engineering Details (and its effects on the Ship) in one simple Page.
Good stuff and well worth spending alot of time with
before Equipping a Ship and taking it to the Engineering round-robin.
Any mistakes or omissions would cost precious Materials and additional/re-engineering after all, so having the Ship "Mission ready" on paper with all specific Details is extremely helpful.