Update:
I cannot thank you guys enough. So after reviewing the mining nerf (argh why didn't I play when that was booming!?) and seeing that combat was an uphill struggle for a poor un-enginered player - I stripped my Viper into a flying gas can and hit the neutron highway. Road to riches is the best! I'm scanning/mapping everything in sight.
A this rate I should have my Anaconda in time for Christmas easily!
Great game, great community.
Welcome to the game, and glad you enjoy it.
One bit of advice (after you got the financial stability that you like) is to branch out shipwise - if you found the viper IV sluggish, you won't be particularily happy with the anaconda. Turrets make up for that up to a point, but it does come with a hefty damage penalty. The viper is a good ship, and can survive even without engineering in conflict zones.
You might like the Vulture, it is quite nimble and can dish out respectable damage, even without engineering, and not to pricey. A bit power starved though. All ships improve their turning a lot when you boost into your turns, especially if you use flight assist off (for a short moment).
Personally I am a big fan of the Eagle but without engineering you'll struggle with big ships, it is not tanky, does not a lot of damage and without engineering and the enhanced thrusters you can buy at some engineers also not particularly fast.
What kind of weapons are you using currently? Thermal weapons (Lasers) are good against shields but bad against hull, Kinetic weapons (multicannons & cannons) are the other way around, explosives (mines, missiles) are really bad against shields but very effective against hull and especially external modules (like weapons, thrusters). Plasma does a part of its damage as "true" damage, which ignores all resistances - same as ramming.
Explosives might also be the reason why you get malfunctions on your weapons, NPCs use them when your shields are down - a point defense can take care of them. Silent running also gets rid of seeker missiles, when your shields drop there is no reason not to use it for a few seconds to break target locks and mess up turrets and gimballed weapons. Don't use it for long, since your shields will stay offline and your heat will increase and start to damage your internals (unless you built your ship for silent running, of course - but NPCs will still hit surprisingly good, they are great with fixed weapons).
Maybe try out to use a bit of engineering, it makes a huge difference, you don't need everything at the maximum level, and the grade 1 recipes are very cheap material wise.
Finally - take your time, don't rush it, do the activities you enjoy and don't grind - it is not necessary and will just sour your experience.