The ships that interdict you are fully-optimised for combat. You were in a trade Cutter. The odds were stacked against you from the start. Why did you fight the interdicting ships? What did you expect to gain? If you win, you might get a small bounty, but you would lose 20 million or more by wasting ten minutes fighting when you could have been making your delivery. If you lose, you lose your ship and all your cargo. Let's put some numbers to that. I'd say you'd get about -13 mil if you win and -30 mil if you lose with the odds stacked against you winning. Either way, that doesn't make a good bet. It's much better to submit and boost away to carry on with your delivery. By the time the stuff is delivered, you might lose about a minute, which could be worth about -1.6 mil if you have a good trade loop.
Your ship simply wasn't equiped for combat, so it would make no sense to engage anyone. What caused your ship to blow up was lack of logical thinking - never mind anything else.
Your trade Cutter is extremely similar to mine. I never fight anything with mine. When I want a fight, I get a combat ship and never lose. Chuck all your weapons, then you won't be tempted. All they do is slow you down and reduce your earnings potential.
If you have an nVidia graphics card, download nVidia experience and keep it running in the background. It has a setting to record the last 5 minutes continuously, so if ever when you're playing, there's something weird happens or something you don't understand, you can replay it, study it and see exactly what happened. You'd be surprised at how many "bugs" are completely logical happenings in line with the normal rules of the game.
Finally, what's the point of 0E shield boosters? I've never seen anybody use them before except because of misinformation. By changing them to 0A and getting all your shields engineered correctly, you can nearly triple your shield strength. No need for point defence if you don't lose your shields. Why have 2 heatsink launchers when you only have to drop one or zero heatsinks per interdiction?
A ship builder, outfitting and comparison tool for Elite Dangerous
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or with permaboost to get you out of range before they even open fire:
A ship builder, outfitting and comparison tool for Elite Dangerous
coriolis.io
While I'm here can I express my opinion about your Corvette? These comments only relate to PvE -as above. To me, some of it doesn't make sense. A Corvette with prismatics and SBCs should never lose its shields, so things like HRPs, MRPs, AFMUs and point defence are a complete waste of time. Instead, you could use those slots to boost your shields substantially, to make it even less likely that you'd lose your shiields. Secondly, using M/Cs as your main weapons, you're going to run out of ammo before you use all those SCBs, so you might as well chuck 2 of them and make your shields stronger still. This is how I'd do my shields on that ship. The shields are 50% stronger than yours. The large beam laser doesn't do much because of its position, so isn't that useful for long-range thermal venting. I'd change it to efficient, where it will do more damage at shorter range:
A ship builder, outfitting and comparison tool for Elite Dangerous
coriolis.io