Look up D2EA (Down to Earth Astronomy) on YT, hes done a few vids on engineering, which ones to pin etc
Also Coriolis for online ship building and stats about builds, useful for trying different weapon builds
Generally and its in my experience so probably not meta::
FSD - Greater Range + Deep Charge (small ships) or Mass Manager (M/L Ships)
Power plant - maybe a smaller one for weight Oversized if possible, I usually end up oversizing for weapons build anyway and run real hot
Power Distributor - ship dependent for me can be focussed or just have more raw power
Engines - Dirty Drives + Drag (this is the norm unless for explo or smuggling when lightweight or clean + vents but I still prefer the DD & Drag even then even with the heat)
Lasers - Efficient/Focussed/Long Range/Rapid + Your choice depending on lasers - rapid, phasing, scrambler, heat vents are good if that's an issue
Rail Guns - Long Range + Feedback Cascade (+ Super Penetrator or 2 of either really)
Multi Cannon - depends on ship/build - efficient / oversized + choice of range
Plasma - Efficient + Slugs seem quite popular but never had that one
Utilities - for me 99% lightweight, Heatsinks maybe extra ammo
Frag Cannons - Havent used as much but think Double Shot + Screening Shell (or Drag if that exists for Frags)
Some like target lock breakers, heat lasers..
If you can afford it try a few out

I have approx. 100 weapons stored of various effects and experimentals coz I don't like to undo anything using mats where possible, Ill just buy another and do that one. Most of my ships have full loadouts too.
Its fun just to put a different one in and see the effects, how it handles, what the pros and cons are, where I need the power, do I run out of ammo too much, do I bloody hate it? (I did a short range blaster rail gun & frag build once, eurgh never again, kudos to anyone who can pull that one off)