There are two filters in the galaxy map for FC in different sections,
One for "your" carrier only showing its current location and its JUMP location set if set on the same setting... this is on the same section as "Your" bookmarks and "your" engineers you unlocked. and "your" other content this is not to show "Other" peoples content this setting only applies to your owned carrier if you don't own one you turn it OFF..
There is a SECOND filter specifically called "Carriers" in another section, this is a filter to Show Systems with other peoples carriers in them...
If you have been to that system you can open the system map.. and look at the carriers if you have not been to the system you can not open the Systems map...
The Yellow dots to high light the systems is separate from the option to turn your FC location and jump location on/off...
4th bar at the top of galaxy map...not 5th .. middle section high lighted next... then click the Filters option and at the very bottom after trade data is "carriers" you are required to be at the Correct height in the galaxy plane is required...
If your at the wrong Zoom level Nothing will show...