Another path to the goal that a lot of you are after, would be to not allow modules to be repaired to 100% of their former glory, at least, not if they're damaged beyond a certain threshold (maybe, the first 5% of damage is fully repairable, but after that, you can only repair some of it).
If you're a transport pilot or an explorer, this change wouldn't affect you. You take small amounts of damage, and you repair fully before a module drops below 5%.
But if you're a combat pilot and have a module completely destroyed, you wouldn't be able to fully repair it. You can still use it, but it wouldn't be at 100% so the next time you take damage, it'll be even easier to destroy it.
What this means is, combat pilots would need to occasionally throw away worn out modules. That alone is sufficient incentive to buy lower, B and C class modules where possible. Because now, they're consumable.
For the ships themselves, and their hull percentage, it should work in a similar fashion except, there should be a very expensive "overhaul" option available so that you don't have to throw away a ship.