thrusters apply a force, this changes acceleration and this is what is constant forever until a new force is applied to change it. The velocity of your probe is going to increase ...though it will have a force of gravity and stellar winds and such acting upon it. unlike the game which doesn't take any of that into consideration anyway.
Exactly. Thrusters provide a force for a ship while they are being fired. Projectiles don't have thrusters. Once they are fired, that is it.
Of course none of this gets to the main point of the OP's thread - the merits of the Utopian Cannon, to which I have no opinion.