London Zoo 1904
- Thread starter ralphthestick
- Start date
Thank you! Yeah, I'm glad we don't keep animals like this anymore too - in the next couple of years after 1904, there was a lot of work undertaken to give the animals more space. This is basically the Victorian zoo that was inherited by the new secretary, who immediately set to work trying to 'modernise' it.
Almost none of the buildings of this period exist anymore, and the giraffe house is the only one used for its original purpose. The camel house, stork & ostrich house, reptile house (now the Blackburn pavilion), Eastern aviary, and a couple of staff buildings all still stand, but have been heavily modified and/or are now used for other things, so the whole place looks very different!
I love this project.
Yours does have the benefit of having all of London Zoo surrounding it though, which mine won't for quite some time... Might get most of the South Garden done at some point 120 years after the fact... maybe?Great work! Your Clock Tower is way better than mine
Another building that still stands today - The Stork and Ostrich House
Built in 1896, the building housed ostriches, emus, cassowaries, and rheas on the South side, and a variety of other birds on the North side (mostly storks, but also various cranes, bustards, and secretary birds that wouldn't fit elsewhere). It also housed kiwi, which I've put in the South to complete the sequence of 'struthious birds (i.e. ratites), but I can't imagine they would have had access to an ostrich-sized paddock in 1904 - these were rarely seen by visitors, but a taxidermy specimen was displayed nearby.
The building is split down the middle by a spine wall, allowing the two sides to be heated to different temperatures using hot water pipes.
The North side of the building has pretty much always housed birds, and is now incorporated into theAfrican Bird Safari walkthrough. The South side has housed a variety of species over the years, including pudu, anoa, and pygmy hippos, but at least some of it now serves as indoor quarters for Tiger Territory and the recently-closed Galapagos tortoise enclosure.
Steam Link if you want to check it out: https://steamcommunity.com/sharedfiles/filedetails/?id=2927201451
Despite it still standing, this was a surprisingly difficult building to find good references for! Much like the antelope house (and we'll get to that in the future), almost every picture is really close up of an animal in front of a door frame, which isn't the most helpful thing for a recreation (and also means there aren't a lot of good overview photos to base the shots in this post on!) Nonetheless, pretty happy with how it turned out, even if I really wish we had some different brick colours (or that brick and mortar could be controlled separately with the painted brick set), and I'm very glad that one of my reference books contains a single picture of the interior!
Built in 1896, the building housed ostriches, emus, cassowaries, and rheas on the South side, and a variety of other birds on the North side (mostly storks, but also various cranes, bustards, and secretary birds that wouldn't fit elsewhere). It also housed kiwi, which I've put in the South to complete the sequence of 'struthious birds (i.e. ratites), but I can't imagine they would have had access to an ostrich-sized paddock in 1904 - these were rarely seen by visitors, but a taxidermy specimen was displayed nearby.
The building is split down the middle by a spine wall, allowing the two sides to be heated to different temperatures using hot water pipes.
The North side of the building has pretty much always housed birds, and is now incorporated into the
Steam Link if you want to check it out: https://steamcommunity.com/sharedfiles/filedetails/?id=2927201451
Despite it still standing, this was a surprisingly difficult building to find good references for! Much like the antelope house (and we'll get to that in the future), almost every picture is really close up of an animal in front of a door frame, which isn't the most helpful thing for a recreation (and also means there aren't a lot of good overview photos to base the shots in this post on!) Nonetheless, pretty happy with how it turned out, even if I really wish we had some different brick colours (or that brick and mortar could be controlled separately with the painted brick set), and I'm very glad that one of my reference books contains a single picture of the interior!
Thank you! I noticed I got the ends a bit wrong almost as soon as I finished it, but they’re all made with the wood trim pieces, so I am not building those again any time soon…
With a new pack rapidly approaching, here's the home of the tropical pack's headliner (it's...almost topical...?)
The Ape House
This was constructed in 1902, and was the zoo's first structure purpose-built for 'anthropoid apes' (who were previously scattered all over the place, but primarily placed in the sloth's house). The interior contained four 'roomy compartments' (I would beg to differ) for the apes, separated from the public by a glass screen - this protected the apes from human diseases, and allowed guest and animal areas to be heated to different temperatures. As seen with the monkey house, it was believed at the time that tropical animals had much less resistance to cold, so no outdoor accommodation was provided (though a large gibbon was kept in an adjoining outdoor cage over winter in 1905, leading the way for change).
1904 happens to be one of the few years when the zoo held gorillas - two young females names Venus and Chloe. Unfortunately, and somewhat predictably, neither of them lived long. Gorillas did so badly in captivity in the 19th and early 20th centuries that the zoo specifically tried to discourage their collection from the wild. As far as I'm aware, these may well be the only gorillas to ever live in this house - a gorilla named John Daniel was occasionally displayed on weekdays in the 1920's, but didn't live at the zoo, as he was a pet of a local woman (he used to arrive and leave by taxicab).
Again, much like the monkey house, the new secretary was pretty openly disparaging of the ape house - it having been built only the year before he took office, it's sort of the 'last hurrah' of the truly Victorian zoo, and a bit of a relic. It didn't last long, and was demolished to make way for the famous reptile house in 1926 (which still stands, but is in the process of being decommissioned) - some of the ape house brickwork remains in the reptile house basement.
This is the first major building I've really had to guess at the look of. I only managed to find one very blurry picture of the interior after a lot of searching, and it didn't give me a huge amount of information I hadn't put together from written descriptions (though it's sometimes nice to just have things confirmed). I don't know how I got the proportions of the exterior stairs quite so wrong, but I really can't work out how to make it all fit together otherwise - it's another symptom of London Zoo not being as flat as you might think, I fear.Most of the reference images are closeups of animals, or weird corners poking into the backgrounds of pictures of something else, so not much in the way of swanky side-by-side pictures this post!
It's definitely one of the more depressing builds, given what we now know about the needs of apes in captivity - it appears that the in-game animals agree with me, as they refuse to register any of the branches as climbable, and just sulk in the corners, which is a bit of a shame (I assume because the floor area is so small, but they do still generate a traversable area - I don't know, answers on a postcard)
I've made a lot of progress in the last few weeks - barring a couple of edits to the monkey house and basically a whole rebuild of the lion house interior, that's about half of the south garden done! There's a lot of aviaries and smaller buildings/enclosures in this area, so the next update might be a bit of a grab-bag tour of stuff there's not much to say about individually. Anyone see anything of interest in this sneak peek?
The Ape House
This was constructed in 1902, and was the zoo's first structure purpose-built for 'anthropoid apes' (who were previously scattered all over the place, but primarily placed in the sloth's house). The interior contained four 'roomy compartments' (I would beg to differ) for the apes, separated from the public by a glass screen - this protected the apes from human diseases, and allowed guest and animal areas to be heated to different temperatures. As seen with the monkey house, it was believed at the time that tropical animals had much less resistance to cold, so no outdoor accommodation was provided (though a large gibbon was kept in an adjoining outdoor cage over winter in 1905, leading the way for change).
1904 happens to be one of the few years when the zoo held gorillas - two young females names Venus and Chloe. Unfortunately, and somewhat predictably, neither of them lived long. Gorillas did so badly in captivity in the 19th and early 20th centuries that the zoo specifically tried to discourage their collection from the wild. As far as I'm aware, these may well be the only gorillas to ever live in this house - a gorilla named John Daniel was occasionally displayed on weekdays in the 1920's, but didn't live at the zoo, as he was a pet of a local woman (he used to arrive and leave by taxicab).
Again, much like the monkey house, the new secretary was pretty openly disparaging of the ape house - it having been built only the year before he took office, it's sort of the 'last hurrah' of the truly Victorian zoo, and a bit of a relic. It didn't last long, and was demolished to make way for the famous reptile house in 1926 (which still stands, but is in the process of being decommissioned) - some of the ape house brickwork remains in the reptile house basement.
This is the first major building I've really had to guess at the look of. I only managed to find one very blurry picture of the interior after a lot of searching, and it didn't give me a huge amount of information I hadn't put together from written descriptions (though it's sometimes nice to just have things confirmed). I don't know how I got the proportions of the exterior stairs quite so wrong, but I really can't work out how to make it all fit together otherwise - it's another symptom of London Zoo not being as flat as you might think, I fear.Most of the reference images are closeups of animals, or weird corners poking into the backgrounds of pictures of something else, so not much in the way of swanky side-by-side pictures this post!
It's definitely one of the more depressing builds, given what we now know about the needs of apes in captivity - it appears that the in-game animals agree with me, as they refuse to register any of the branches as climbable, and just sulk in the corners, which is a bit of a shame (I assume because the floor area is so small, but they do still generate a traversable area - I don't know, answers on a postcard)
I've made a lot of progress in the last few weeks - barring a couple of edits to the monkey house and basically a whole rebuild of the lion house interior, that's about half of the south garden done! There's a lot of aviaries and smaller buildings/enclosures in this area, so the next update might be a bit of a grab-bag tour of stuff there's not much to say about individually. Anyone see anything of interest in this sneak peek?
Thank you, I'm really proud of it - amazing what a bit of gardening in between buildings does to make everything look more finished!
Yeah, I'm surprised there isn't more about it to be honest - you've got to assume it was one of the more popular buildings when it was around, and was replaced by one of the big icons of the zoo, but there just doesn't seem to be much documentation of it. Hopefully what I've got is at least somewhat representative!
As I mentioned in the last post, I've been building a lot of the less prominent structures in the South Garden recently - great for making the place feel complete, but there's less to say about them individually. I thought a bit of a tour would make sense, following the route suggested in the guide (available with a map for 6d at the gate).
Alighting from our Hansom cab in the Outer Circle of Regent's Park, we come to the main entrance - one of three in use at the time. The main entrance was rebuilt in 1863, replacing simpler wooden lodges with no shelter for visitors, and was replaced by the current entrance in 1928. From 1828, entry was officially limited to fellows of the zoological society and their invited guests, but the system was easily worked around - pre-signed entry tickets were available at a local tavern, or non-members could simply wait by the entrance and ask to join a group of guests (or sidle in after them). The zoo was opened to the public in 1847, though Sundays were still members-only.
Taking a right at the main entrance, we come to the first location in the guide - the Western Aviary. This was built in 1851, and housed tropical and semi-tropical birds including weavers, mynahs and toucans (which had recently been moved out of the very overcrowded parrot house). I'm not sure when it was taken down, but it seemed to be something of a footnote by the 1930s (presumably the opening of a small bird house in 1909, and the conversion of the former reptile house into another bird house in 1926 made it somewhat obsolete).
Around the corner are a few outdoor monkey cages. Originally built for crows, these housed hardier large monkeys such as baboons and macaques. Their most famous resident was a large mandrill called George, who I think was actually a bit after this time, but all the pictures I have of these cages are of him, so he had to make an appearance.
From here, the visitor should tour the monkey house, ape house, and stork and ostrich house before coming to the rodent and swine houses. These formed a continuous block, built around 1860 (though I think the rodents house was added at a later date), and were cleared to make way for the Mappin Terraces in 1913. There is a (mistitled) British Pathe film of London Zoo from around 1904 showing porcupines in the large paddock to the north of the rodent house, so I assume animals were rotated out into this larger space from time to time for a bit of additional exercise.
Here's where we've been today in a quick cinematic tour, which I think puts things into context pretty nicely - is this the start of a lucrative career as a Youtuber? (No.)
There's probably only one building left in the south garden which will have a post of its own (the 1883 reptile house), and I'm a little way off building that, so the next post will probably be a continuation of this tour. See you then!
Alighting from our Hansom cab in the Outer Circle of Regent's Park, we come to the main entrance - one of three in use at the time. The main entrance was rebuilt in 1863, replacing simpler wooden lodges with no shelter for visitors, and was replaced by the current entrance in 1928. From 1828, entry was officially limited to fellows of the zoological society and their invited guests, but the system was easily worked around - pre-signed entry tickets were available at a local tavern, or non-members could simply wait by the entrance and ask to join a group of guests (or sidle in after them). The zoo was opened to the public in 1847, though Sundays were still members-only.
Taking a right at the main entrance, we come to the first location in the guide - the Western Aviary. This was built in 1851, and housed tropical and semi-tropical birds including weavers, mynahs and toucans (which had recently been moved out of the very overcrowded parrot house). I'm not sure when it was taken down, but it seemed to be something of a footnote by the 1930s (presumably the opening of a small bird house in 1909, and the conversion of the former reptile house into another bird house in 1926 made it somewhat obsolete).
Around the corner are a few outdoor monkey cages. Originally built for crows, these housed hardier large monkeys such as baboons and macaques. Their most famous resident was a large mandrill called George, who I think was actually a bit after this time, but all the pictures I have of these cages are of him, so he had to make an appearance.
From here, the visitor should tour the monkey house, ape house, and stork and ostrich house before coming to the rodent and swine houses. These formed a continuous block, built around 1860 (though I think the rodents house was added at a later date), and were cleared to make way for the Mappin Terraces in 1913. There is a (mistitled) British Pathe film of London Zoo from around 1904 showing porcupines in the large paddock to the north of the rodent house, so I assume animals were rotated out into this larger space from time to time for a bit of additional exercise.
Here's where we've been today in a quick cinematic tour, which I think puts things into context pretty nicely - is this the start of a lucrative career as a Youtuber? (No.)
There's probably only one building left in the south garden which will have a post of its own (the 1883 reptile house), and I'm a little way off building that, so the next post will probably be a continuation of this tour. See you then!
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Less a tour and more of a swoop, but I appreciate it nonetheless!
Fantastic work! Brilliant recreation. Love the 'swoop' as well.
It's time to continue the tour! Much like previously, most of these areas are reconstructed based on very limited references, so there's not a huge amount to compare directly side-by-side (they're mostly made up of corners of stuff in the background or references in text, which don't make for the best direct comparisons...)
Picking up where we left off, having just left the rodent and swine houses, we come to the southern ponds. This area was used for waterfowl of various sorts since at least 1865 (though it wasn't properly called the southern ponds until a bit later). It was divided into a number of enclosures for various geese and swans, though the largest of them contained a large variety of gulls. The guide doesn't mention penguins here specifically in 1904, but they are mentioned to be somewhere around this area in A Walk Through the Zoological Gardens, written in 1900, and I felt like this area was very much lacking in 'real' animals, so I took that as enough evidence to include them. I forgot to mention in the previous post, but a huge shoutout to Drac and Jaguar_X on the workshop for their many excellent birds which populate the many, many aviaries in this zoo.
The pools were netted over to form the southern aviary and the eastern-most portion was transformed into a sea lion pool in 1905. The new pool was the zoo's earliest attempt at a naturalistic enclosure, and it and the aviary were in use until the early 2000's. The area is now part of Tiger Territory (I assume the large pool in the tiger enclosure is the remnant of the sea lion pool).
Continuing along past some unmarked seal pools, we come to the sea lions pond. This large basin was originally built for porpoises in 1863 (though I think it was only used for that purpose once or twice with very little success). At feeding time (daily at 4:30), the sea lions would perform tricks such as balancing on chairs.
Around the corner is the sheep yard, a fairly simple round enclosure built in 1885. This was a big improvement on the previous, utilitarian yards that sheep were kept in, as it included a rocky promontory in the middle for climbing which also contained their shelter. It seems the sheep did pretty well in it - they lived long and bred regularly.
This and the sea lion pool were cleared to make way for a larger antelope paddock in 1909, and the area is now covered by the former elephant and rhino house (which currently houses babirusa and red river hogs).
On the southern boundary of the gardens (at least, the current southern boundary - more land will be added in 1908), are the wolves and foxes dens, built in 1887. The keeper of this section was also responsible for the darkroom, available for use by visiting photographers, though whether this means the darkroom was located in the service area behind the cages or elsewhere, I'm not sure.
Here's another swoop around what we've covered in this section:
Sidenote - is there anything in particular here or in the last tour that people would like to see on the workshop? My last couple of builds have been big aviaries and similar with so many grassland sign poles that they go over the piece count, so I've kind of forgotten to keep the workshop up to date as I go. Unfortunately, the lion house is also over the piece limit, so I might struggle to update that when I do eventually get round to it...
Picking up where we left off, having just left the rodent and swine houses, we come to the southern ponds. This area was used for waterfowl of various sorts since at least 1865 (though it wasn't properly called the southern ponds until a bit later). It was divided into a number of enclosures for various geese and swans, though the largest of them contained a large variety of gulls. The guide doesn't mention penguins here specifically in 1904, but they are mentioned to be somewhere around this area in A Walk Through the Zoological Gardens, written in 1900, and I felt like this area was very much lacking in 'real' animals, so I took that as enough evidence to include them. I forgot to mention in the previous post, but a huge shoutout to Drac and Jaguar_X on the workshop for their many excellent birds which populate the many, many aviaries in this zoo.
The pools were netted over to form the southern aviary and the eastern-most portion was transformed into a sea lion pool in 1905. The new pool was the zoo's earliest attempt at a naturalistic enclosure, and it and the aviary were in use until the early 2000's. The area is now part of Tiger Territory (I assume the large pool in the tiger enclosure is the remnant of the sea lion pool).
Continuing along past some unmarked seal pools, we come to the sea lions pond. This large basin was originally built for porpoises in 1863 (though I think it was only used for that purpose once or twice with very little success). At feeding time (daily at 4:30), the sea lions would perform tricks such as balancing on chairs.
Around the corner is the sheep yard, a fairly simple round enclosure built in 1885. This was a big improvement on the previous, utilitarian yards that sheep were kept in, as it included a rocky promontory in the middle for climbing which also contained their shelter. It seems the sheep did pretty well in it - they lived long and bred regularly.
This and the sea lion pool were cleared to make way for a larger antelope paddock in 1909, and the area is now covered by the former elephant and rhino house (which currently houses babirusa and red river hogs).
On the southern boundary of the gardens (at least, the current southern boundary - more land will be added in 1908), are the wolves and foxes dens, built in 1887. The keeper of this section was also responsible for the darkroom, available for use by visiting photographers, though whether this means the darkroom was located in the service area behind the cages or elsewhere, I'm not sure.
Here's another swoop around what we've covered in this section:
Sidenote - is there anything in particular here or in the last tour that people would like to see on the workshop? My last couple of builds have been big aviaries and similar with so many grassland sign poles that they go over the piece count, so I've kind of forgotten to keep the workshop up to date as I go. Unfortunately, the lion house is also over the piece limit, so I might struggle to update that when I do eventually get round to it...
Attachments
This looks incredible mate, really good job! Its amazing to be able to place where things actually were in comparison to how the zoo is today.
It took me a while, but all the main points from part one of the overview (the main entrance, western aviary, monkey cages, ape house, and swine and rodents house) are now uploaded to the Steam Workshop - find them here: https://steamcommunity.com/sharedfiles/filedetails/?id=2862632243
Happy history-ing!
Happy history-ing!
I am tantalisingly close to finishing off the South Garden now, with only one main building and a couple of little bits of detailing to go, and we are well overdue a continuation of the tour, I would say!
Having just paid a visit to the wolves and foxes, we turn immediately to the lion house paddocks. There is a mention in the guidebook that they might be fitted up for use by sun bears (of which they have a great number, as they were a popular, and misguided, choice for an exotic pet back in the day), but I don't believe this ever actually happened - there will eventually be a bear enclosure around this area (where the famous panda Chi-Chi was kept for a time), but that's a while off yet. In order to use this area for something, some lion cubs are taking a bit of exercise at the moment. It was not uncommon for keepers to allow children to play with animals such as monkeys and young cats at this point in time, so maybe if you ask a keeper nicely, they'll let you give one of the cubs a bit of fuss.
The lion house has had a bit of a facelift since I originally posted it. Pretty typically, being the first structure I built, it's also the structure I subsequently found excellent references for, including a plan of the entire building and a newspaper article going behind the scenes, which included a photo of the service corridor and moveable bridge (still seems like far too much of a faff in my opinion, but at least it now looks the part). I've also added some logs and platforms to the indoor cages, which takes away a tiny bit of the starkness, but not much. The building now also has a lion bust above the middle entrance - this was preserved after the house was demolished, and can still be seen in Land of the Lions today. It really ought to be weathered bronze, but the realistic lion statue was a better fit. Let's say they've just polished it.
Crossing the main path, we come to the antelope house. This was originally built in 1859, though only consisted of the smaller part of the 'L' shape, which was then used to house zebras. The larger part of the building was constructed in 1861, and the zebras were moved next to the giraffes by the 1880s.
A few now-extinct species were photographed in this house, including the bubal hartebeest and the quagga - the only photographs of a living quagga are of an individual at London Zoo, taken around 40 years before the year I'm depicting, between 1863 and 1870 (and the species went extinct in 1883).
Species would have been rotated out onto the large paddock behind the building, though only those in the former zebra wing had direct access - I'm not sure whether those in the main antelope wing would have been led out there too, or whether they were stuck with their little outdoor pens. Regardless, a much larger paddock would be built on that side in 1909. The building survived until 1963, when it was demolished to clear the way for the Casson Pavilion for elephants and rhinos.
This one was a bit of a pain, and I'm not 100% happy with the interior, but I've not been able to find any references for it. Like the stork and ostrich house, there are plenty of pictures of animals in front of it, but most of them don't give a great idea of the overall look.
Continuing on, we get to the bear and hyenas' dens. Not many changes here, though the polar bear enclosure got a bit of a redo with some new references. Nice to see it in context anyway, as the previous shots are all in isolation.
Finally for today, through the archway, we come again to the camel house and clocktower. One detail this didn't have before was the ravens' cage behind - this is often said to be the oldest structure in the zoo, having been built in 1829 as a summer cage for parrots, before housing a vulture and, eventually, ravens. Like the camel house itself though, it's unlikely that any of the original material still remains. Regardless, it still stands in the zoo today, not far from this spot, as a monument to the zoo's history.
To play us out, here's a swoop around today's section.
Fingers crossed the next post will be another slightly more focused single-building update, but we'll see how we go. Hope these tour updates are still interesting!
Having just paid a visit to the wolves and foxes, we turn immediately to the lion house paddocks. There is a mention in the guidebook that they might be fitted up for use by sun bears (of which they have a great number, as they were a popular, and misguided, choice for an exotic pet back in the day), but I don't believe this ever actually happened - there will eventually be a bear enclosure around this area (where the famous panda Chi-Chi was kept for a time), but that's a while off yet. In order to use this area for something, some lion cubs are taking a bit of exercise at the moment. It was not uncommon for keepers to allow children to play with animals such as monkeys and young cats at this point in time, so maybe if you ask a keeper nicely, they'll let you give one of the cubs a bit of fuss.
The lion house has had a bit of a facelift since I originally posted it. Pretty typically, being the first structure I built, it's also the structure I subsequently found excellent references for, including a plan of the entire building and a newspaper article going behind the scenes, which included a photo of the service corridor and moveable bridge (still seems like far too much of a faff in my opinion, but at least it now looks the part). I've also added some logs and platforms to the indoor cages, which takes away a tiny bit of the starkness, but not much. The building now also has a lion bust above the middle entrance - this was preserved after the house was demolished, and can still be seen in Land of the Lions today. It really ought to be weathered bronze, but the realistic lion statue was a better fit. Let's say they've just polished it.
Crossing the main path, we come to the antelope house. This was originally built in 1859, though only consisted of the smaller part of the 'L' shape, which was then used to house zebras. The larger part of the building was constructed in 1861, and the zebras were moved next to the giraffes by the 1880s.
A few now-extinct species were photographed in this house, including the bubal hartebeest and the quagga - the only photographs of a living quagga are of an individual at London Zoo, taken around 40 years before the year I'm depicting, between 1863 and 1870 (and the species went extinct in 1883).
Species would have been rotated out onto the large paddock behind the building, though only those in the former zebra wing had direct access - I'm not sure whether those in the main antelope wing would have been led out there too, or whether they were stuck with their little outdoor pens. Regardless, a much larger paddock would be built on that side in 1909. The building survived until 1963, when it was demolished to clear the way for the Casson Pavilion for elephants and rhinos.
This one was a bit of a pain, and I'm not 100% happy with the interior, but I've not been able to find any references for it. Like the stork and ostrich house, there are plenty of pictures of animals in front of it, but most of them don't give a great idea of the overall look.
Continuing on, we get to the bear and hyenas' dens. Not many changes here, though the polar bear enclosure got a bit of a redo with some new references. Nice to see it in context anyway, as the previous shots are all in isolation.
Finally for today, through the archway, we come again to the camel house and clocktower. One detail this didn't have before was the ravens' cage behind - this is often said to be the oldest structure in the zoo, having been built in 1829 as a summer cage for parrots, before housing a vulture and, eventually, ravens. Like the camel house itself though, it's unlikely that any of the original material still remains. Regardless, it still stands in the zoo today, not far from this spot, as a monument to the zoo's history.
To play us out, here's a swoop around today's section.
Fingers crossed the next post will be another slightly more focused single-building update, but we'll see how we go. Hope these tour updates are still interesting!
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