OK it may surprise people but I didn't read all 40 pages. But here are my thoughts:
first step is what is the point of exploration i.e. what do people get out of it?
1. first discovery and name on something in game.
2. Locate in game resource. i.e. mining, base etc.
3. cash
Do you get rid of the ADS? I think not, but you do have to change how it work.
I recently did the Ram Tah mission and this involved finding a specific planet in a system from a name provided by someone else. The ADS filled up my system map and I could workout from the name the location of the planet based on the number and lettering sequence.
part of what you don't want to break with the removal of the ADS is the ability for someone in to locate a base or a planet.
Lets think about what an ADS is in real life. It is likely something that measures gravity, looks through the electromagnetic spectrum (including light) and looks for wobbles in stars. The thing that it is missing is that in order to determine orbital paths you need to have some time elapsed
So what do I suggest?
Firstly obviously on entering you are going to see the star and detect that without any instruments. Then you would fire off the ADS as you currently do, and it would come back with X amount of bodies found.
The list on the navigation panel would list them like now but without saying if they are moons or planets. Everything is just listed on distance. I would expect stars would show up as it should be straightforward to identify a star.
In the system map you would have nondescript markers with a mass range and range from primary star. these would be listed as if they are all planets circling the star.
I would add that an orary system map would be extra cool here.
You would then want to identify the body whether it was a moon or a planet and its orbital path. So you'd select the marker and travel in system. You can then use the ADS again (give it a large cooldown). This would allow the System map to be updated with additional information. Ideally you'd want may be 4 or 5 honks on the ADS to fully map out what is a moon or a planet and their orbital paths.
Imagine that it was an orary system map. At entering the system you'd have your location and the star and other close objects. At the first honk you get the locations of the bodies but with no orbital path. The 2nd honk plots the current location of the body and shows a line back to where it was at the first honk. Second honk increases the line and predicts roughly where it will be in X period. The lines extend on each honk until obits are fully maped giving classification of moon or planet etc.
Detailed surface scan would work as currently, but without mineral content. then you do variety of different scans like suggested here
https://forums.frontier.co.uk/showthread.php/307770-A-year-worth-of-Elite-photoshop-concepts
So don't remove ADS infinite honk but change the data and make fully mapping orbits the end goal of the ADS.
This way people can travel and collect the simple data of there are X bodies or do a longer scan which will likely be combined with surface scanning so not additional time for the completionists more better info.
Exploration will be made more fun by being able to find the resources easily from orbit. Also dropping a mining probe and then returning to collect materials from the surface might be fun.