Hey, that sounds like a good plot for a movie. It could be set with the protagonist being scottish being hunted down by a psycopathic russian immortal. It could be called Highlander or something.
Anyway, your three options are to learn to how deal with it, just accept it, or go to PG/solo when around those sorts of locations (Jameson, Engineer bases, etc).
If i understand right though, you were not sent to jail for running away, and he is not immortal. My guess is he is running a weak small ship and as soon as he saw you break the speed limit he rammed you, resulting in his explosion and you being penalized for causing a death.
To be honest, if this is the case, then it is over the line where i would consider it griefing. Its intentionally abusing game mechanics to cause another player problems.
The way to deal with this is to simply keep your speed below 100. Not just below, i mean quite a bit below. If you are just below they could give you a speed boost as they hit you. If they blow up while you are below 100, it shouldn't penalize you (in theory, i don't know about the reality... if it does though, raise an incident every time it happens to push FD into fixing it).
I'm not sure about the status of docking (and undocking) computers. I seem to recall someone saying it wasn't possible to be penalized if the docking computer is in charge, but i have no idea if this is true or not.
Anyway, drop your speed to around 70 when around these areas and keep it steady until you clear the no fire zone unless you are sure there is nobody around who wants to cause you problems. Be aware, some use silent running to stay off the radar, so before going faster, just use the external camera to take a gander around your ship and look for thruster trails.
Hope that helps.
Also, report the CMDR that is doing this to FD if you think its griefing. FD can then decide whether it is or not.