A big issue is simply that we don't lose anything substantial upon destruction. We end up, for example, with the one-way power creep of never losing engineered modules. A balance of requirements for engineering could then be countered by modules losing engineered effects upon destruction - we get the stock ship back only from insurance payout.
Tie other data to the same module that exploration data ends up in: Everything since last station dock "save point" is lost upon destruction, Balance this with it being available in a "black box" USS that only the owner can see for maybe a week before it is made public and/or disappears.
Combined, the two points above would ensure that anyone destroyed in PvP would not be able to rush back in a minty fresh and fully engineered ship to continue the battle. It would also add a bit of risk to balance those sweet rewards. And it would make engineering something that a player would have to balance the reward of against the risk of losing it.
Make carriers destructible while we are at it, but make them capable of defending themselves as well as jumping away from danger without owner input (but based on set owner's preferences as well as fuel availability). Then they would also be a tremendous reward with tremendous risk, and an actual asset for the game.
In short, balance all these rewards we get with some actual risk.

S