Even an average player playing decently well could get their first module by week 4-5, imo.
You are
massively overestimating where the "average" player is here.
Getting a module in 5 weeks would require 50,000 merits a week, which would put someone into the top 10% of their Power's leaderboard.
At 3k merits/hour, which is a decent rate for most non-rares activities if you're not doing very specific things or optimising a lot (which the average player, by definition, isn't), that would be about 17 hours committed to Powerplay each week, so 2-3 hours a day just playing Elite Dangerous.
Mining has reports of never working, but I have not seen that acknowledged.
Mining technically works, it just has really specific undocumented location requirements for where you do the mining.
Reinforcement/Undermining: you must mine the goods in the system you want to earn merits in
Acquisition: you must mine the goods in a Fortified/Stronghold system supporting the Acquisition
Trading was diabled? Maybe reendabled with some new nebulous requirement (40% profit calculated who knows how?)?
Enabled. 40% profit was always a requirement - take the price you bought it for, multiply by 1.4, you have to sell it for at least that. Once it meets that qualifying requirement, higher sale prices are better.
Again, there is an undocumented location requirement for Acquisition: you must buy the goods from the supporting Fortified/Stronghold system
(For Reinforcement, you can buy the goods anywhere; this method isn't for Undermining at all)
Yes (Acquisition or Reinforcement only, as documented)
Combat Zones never worked, or are intended to work and broken? Maybe they work?
Reports vary. Some people can't get the enemies to show up, other people have no problems with them.
Exploration was disabled? Maybe reenabled?
Exobiology is exploration data? Maybe disabled? Maybe reenabled?
Those two are re-enabled and work. The exchange rate isn't particularly high, so it's not a time-efficient way of getting merits, but they work.
Note that exploration pays out per-system, not for the total payout of the page, so you only get paid for reasonably high-value systems.