As we thought, it sadly wasn't to be. I was able to get close to the target, but that's all it was when I got there.
Strangely, I did see some other ships in supercruise though, apparently leaving what would have been the star, as if it were actually there. I didn't investigate that further though, as I had other issues to deal with, like being very low on fuel.
I was able to jump to LP 131-66, where I promptly got too close, mistakenly thinking I could scoop some fuel there (I wasn't quite thinking as rationally as normal). After taking some heat damage trying to jump out, I was barely able to make it back to 78 Ursae Majoris, fill up from its hydrogen corona, and then get interdicted! Ha Ha. But fortunately I easily outran the troublemaker in my now refueled low weight optimized Viper and made it safely to Seddon Gateway.
Thanks again to Draxxen for helping to test some of this out! We teamed up in a wing and he made it to Alioth and set up a beacon. But of course as I was still technically in the 78 Ursae Majoris system, I couldn't jump to it.
This may have been a futile endeavor from the beginning, but I'm still glad to have at least attempted to do it. I can fully understand why Frontier wouldn't want to allow access to some systems, but I think that being able to supercruise to a system without having a permit to it would be an interesting and immersive game-play mechanic. It isn't really worth the trouble to do so and doesn't gain you much of anything other than being able to potentially go there and say that you did. You still wouldn't be able to jump to it without a permit, making it unfeasible to go there on a regular basis, if at all.
So, here's a picture I took of Alioth for my records. We'll meet again on different terms when I have my permit.
Cheers!