There are certain things that you can enhance currently in the game through ini tweaking. IT's not much though and I too hope the developpers push the graphic fidelity further. One thing that bugs me is the single light source on planets in binary star systems; 2 stars 300Ls apart and a planet between them will only have one light source on it.
About the tweaks, in your game folder there's a xml file called GraphicsConfiguration which you can open with notepad, though I highly recommend Notepad++ whenever editing a game's config files. In there you will find a lot of settings that you can change and go well over what the game's graphics options allow.
For example you can change the texture size of the space background, the milky way. The default value on high is 2560, however at 4096 the detail is crisp and no longer fuzzy. Here's an example of the difference between the two settings:
http://abload.de/img/2kgalaxyjtuao.jpg http://abload.de/img/4kgalaxyspuww.jpg
<GalaxyBackground>
<High>
<LocalisationName>$QUALITY_HIGH;</LocalisationName>
<TextureSize>4096</TextureSize>
</High>
For planets the texture size can be increased as well though you will need to be really close to see the difference, like being dropped out of SC close.
<Planets>
<High>
<LocalisationName>$QUALITY_HIGH;</LocalisationName>
<TextureSize>4096</TextureSize>
<AtmosphereSteps>8</AtmosphereSteps>
<CloudsEnabled>true</CloudsEnabled>
<WorkPerFrame>256</WorkPerFrame>
</High>
Note that 4096 is the max setting as anything higher will freeze the game during the loading screen.
If you look at <GalaxyMap> you'll notice that there are no differences between low, medium and high and changing the value for HiResNebulaDimensions from 256 to 512 will display a currupted nebula. So higher settings haven't been implemented for this, yet hopefully.
There's an update coming for gas giants that I'm really stoked about, I'm mure more graphical improvements are on their way.
One final thing, if you're like me and like taking those HiRes Screenshots with alt+f10 here's how you can increase the output size
C:\Users\[your name]\AppData\Local\Frontier Developments\Elite Dangerous\Options\Graphics
Settings.xml
<HighResScreenCapScale>6</HighResScreenCapScale>
6 being the multiplier of the resolution you play at.