I've had a few close calls in my A rated Python, but never any serious threats in my A Rated Corvette.
I too would like to see the load out the OP is using. Any big ship should have TWO Point Defense turrets (top and bottom), at least HALF your weapons also Turret based. An A6 SCB with TWO Heat sink modules (One powered down in reserve), and a maxed out power system in order to run weapons without ANY overheat or downtime.
All can be done using STOCK components. No Engineer mods needed.
In my experience so far, the Corvette remains one of the most rugged and dependable ships in the game post 2.1. I can't imagine any AI encounter where you would die in that ship if it was properly outfitted for combat. And if you do find yourself outnumbered and running out of shields or SCB charges, then High Wake jump the heck out of there! I always have another system loaded into my nav computer when I enter what I suspect might be a nasty uneven fight. (High Wake = No MassLock)
I suspect that these are areas where the OP needs some guidance. Piloting skill isn't only about flying around like a mad man! It also involves knowing what to do when a particular scenario presents itself. Some folks call it combat experience.