DRM is simply Digital Rights Management, a Digital Method to see if you have the Right to use the product.
Frontier by having the Launcher force you to login is carrying out a D.R.M check, you connect to their servers to make certain that you have the right to use the product that you have installed on your computer. That is the first level of D.R.M here.
The second level of D.R.M is the always active server connection, due to this you require 1. there for it is also a part of the D.R.M protection system.
Those using Diablo 3 as a example, the D.R.M side of D3 at it's core is the Battle.net authentication that you must carry out no matter which way you sign in to check that you legally have the right to use the product.
For Adobe users it's the Key that you have to put in to prove you own the software.
For Lightwave 3D users it's either the Dongle or the Key you have in when you use the software.
For Zbrush users it's the internet activation and or phone activation on first use.
etc etc etc.
If it was truly D.R.M Free you could simply put it in, install it and play it with out caring where/when/how/what
OK, but that last sentence would never ever have happened even if the game had be given an offline only mode. Even if Frontier hadn't reneged on giving an offline version there would have still been some kind of verification of purchase like the ones you listed (and my idle speculation here is that it would be some kind of product key entered when you install) and that's technically DRM right?
There would always have been some kind of effort to ensure you pay to play however the software was delivered or used be it online, offline or on physical media (never an option I know). I don't know, I think that people are probably more annoyed about a broken promise and crying foul over DRM that would always have been present in some form or another is a convenient issue to legitimize their beef.
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