Which missions are available can be read directly from the ASCII code of the adf image of Elite:
"Warning - the sun is [sic!] this system is going Supernova. You are advised to leave as soon as possible. Please help us! Everyone else has fled"... and so on. So, mission supernova exists, as a reward, the code tells me "Please accept a selection of precious Zanxian gem stones as a token of our appreciation." but I also find (directly after the previous sentence): "Thank you - you will be well rewarded by our government."
Constrictor: "A prototype model of the new top-secret military ship, the CONSTRICTOR has been stolen by unknown agents from the navy research base at XXX", etc.
Reward: 10,000 Cr (plus the bounty for destroying the Constrictor)
Thargoid plans: "The navy has managed to obtain rare blueprints of a Thargoid battle ship giving details of the drive and weapon systems." ...
Reward: Latest naval energy unit "which will recharge your energy banks at twice the normal rate"
Space station: "The Galactic Intelligence Agency reports that a nearby system has been invaded by Thargoid ships and that the space station has been captured." ...
Reward: "A new device was salvaged from one of the Thargoid ships" (ECM Jammer)
Cloaked Ship: "Warning to all Traders: Reports having been coming in from Traders in this sector of an unknown ship with awesome capabilities." ...
There's nothing of a reward mentioned in this case (at least not in this place), but I seem to recall that one of the cargo canisters, which the destroyed ship deploys, contains the cloaking device.
From SARA cheating, I also know that the cloaking device, and the ECM jammer exist. I have never heard of the "latest naval energy unit". If this is reflected in the cheat screen, I'd suppose that at the address of the extra energy unit, not 01 is entered, but 02... So, maybe we can cheat the energy refresh rate to be even faster... Of course, in my real game, absolutely no cheating is allowed (not even forcing a mis-jump), but I use cheats to get as much information about the game as possible...
[And btw: That's another difference between Elite 1.0 and Elite 2.0: No copy protection in 2.0 -- how do I enter the cheat menu there?? Does anybody know? Does the cheat menu still exist?]