Targeting Overload - gimballed and turreted weapons temporarily become confused, usually by a Dispersal Field modded cannon or plasma accelerator attacking you.
Mass Locked - a Mass Lock Munition torpedo attack has increased your mass lock factor, making it harder to low-wake out using your FSD.
FSD Reboot - your frameshift drive has been deactivated and is forced to reboot over a lengthy period of time, as a result of a Shift Lock Canister modified mine or Grom's Containment Missiles.
Sensor Disruption - your sensor acuity and targeting ability is temporarily worsened, usually due to a Dazzle Shell frag cannon or plasma accelerator attack.
Corrosion - your hull is temporarily weakened by a Corrosive Shell multicannon or frag cannon attack, during which you are more vulnerable to hull attacks.
Engine Reboot - your thrusters have been deactivated and are forced to reboot over a lengthy period of time, as a result of being hit by an Ion Disruptor modified mine.
Regeneration - a friendly ship with a healing thermal weapon mod (Concordant Sequence or Regeneration Sequence) is increasing your shield regeneration.
Malfunction - one or more of your modules has temporarily stopped working. Can happen randomly as a result of a Scramble Spectrum energy weapon attack, or more precisely from Winters's Pulse Disruptor attack.
Thermal Attack - an enemy with a thermally-modified weapon (Thermal Shock, Thermal Cascade, Mahon's Retributor, etc.) is piling on increased heat generation onto your ship.
Impulse Attack - an attack that has pushed your ship away and off course, e.g. Force Shell cannons
Target Interference - if you were locked onto a specific target, an attack by a Target Lock Breaker plasma accelerator will make you temporarily lose that lock.
Shield Cell Cascade - in effect if attacked by a Feedback Cascade modified railgun while charging up a shield cell bank - your shield cell will be weakened with only some of the charge completed, plus you'll sustain some damage to the bank itself.
Shield Generator Attack - the shield generator is directly attacked, after being hit by a Reverberating Cascade mine or torpedo.
Shield Reboot - your shield generator has been deactivated and is forced to reboot over a lengthy period of time, forcibly as a result of certain weapons.
Engine Disruption - your thrusters are slowing down and becoming inefficient, e.g. due to being attacked by a Drag Munition missile or frag cannon.
Increased Emissions - your ship is more visible to others on their sensors e.g. due to being attacked by an Emission Munition weapon.
Shield Breach - a weapon has pierced your shields and is directly attacking the hull itself, e.g. via enemies with Phasing Sequence laser mods.
Internal Damage - one or more of your modules is severely damaged and at risk of malfunction. One of the more common indicators you might see in your battles.
Hull Breach - critical damage is being done to your internal modules, due to certain penetrating and high yield modified projectile weapons.