You can supercruise to the location of another system, but the star-system (suns, planets, etc) don't show up there, because the destination-system instance gets assembled during hyperspace, so if you haven't hyperspaced, you haven't given the game a chance to put the destination system together.
Well, my little experiment can neither confirm nor deny that hypothesis. Got home from work just in time to hear the words "main fuel tank empty", just over 1Ly from Polaris and four hours of supercruise to go. Luckily had enough in the reserve to jump to an adjacent system and scoop or it all would have been very embarrassing. Should have kept my Asp instead of getting the discounted Clipper, this never would have happened.